The basic principles

C11 The duty to maintain.

1

For the purposes of this Act, each parent of a qualifying child is responsible for maintaining him.

2

For the purposes of this Act, F14a non-resident parent shall be taken to have met his responsibility to maintain any qualifying child of his by making periodical payments of maintenance with respect to the child of such amount, and at such intervals, as may be determined in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

3

Where a F23maintenance calculation made under this Act requires the making of periodical payments, it shall be the duty of the F14non-resident parent with respect to whom the F24calculation was made to make those payments.

C22 Welfare of children: the general principle.

Where, in any case which falls to be dealt with under this Act, the F39Secretary of StateF7... is considering the exercise of any discretionary power conferred by this Act, F40the Secretary of State shall have regard to the welfare of any child likely to be affected by F41the decision.

I13 Meaning of certain terms used in this Act.

1

A child is a “qualifying child” if—

a

one of his parents is, in relation to him, F14a non-resident parent; or

b

both of his parents are, in relation to him, F14non-resident parents.

2

The parent of any child is F14a “non-resident parent”, in relation to him, if—

a

that parent is not living in the same household with the child; and

b

the child has his home with a person who is, in relation to him, a person with care.

3

A person is a “person with care”, in relation to any child, if he is a person—

a

with whom the child has his home;

C18C19C20C21b

who usually provides day to day care for the child (whether exclusively or in conjunction with any other person); and

c

who does not fall within a prescribed category of person.

4

The Secretary of State shall not, under subsection (3)(c), prescribe as a category—

a

parents;

b

guardians;

F65c

persons named, in a child arrangements order under section 8 of the Children Act 1989, as persons with whom a child is to live;

d

in Scotland, persons F5with whom a child is to live by virtue of a residence order under section 11 of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995.

5

For the purposes of this Act there may be more than one person with care in relation to the same qualifying child.

6

Periodical payments which are required to be paid in accordance with a F23maintenance calculation are referred to in this Act as “child support maintenance”.

7

Expressions are defined in this section only for the purposes of this Act.

I24 Child support maintenance.

1

A person who is, in relation to any qualifying child or any qualifying children, either the person with care or the F14non-resident parent may apply to the F42Secretary of State for a F23maintenance calculation to be made under this Act with respect to that child, or any of those children.

2

Where a F23maintenance calculation has been made in response to an application under this section the F43Secretary of State may, if the person with care F68... applies to F43the Secretary of State under this subsection, arrange for—

a

the collection of the child support maintenance payable in accordance with the F24calculation;

b

the enforcement of the obligation to pay child support maintenance in accordance with the F24calculation.

F692A

The F70Secretary of State may only make arrangements under subsection (2)(a) if—

a

the non-resident parent agrees to the arrangements, or

b

the F70Secretary of State is satisfied that without the arrangements child support maintenance is unlikely to be paid in accordance with the calculation.

3

Where an application under subsection (2) for the enforcement of the obligation mentioned in subsection (2)(b) authorises the F44Secretary of State to take steps to enforce that obligation whenever F44the Secretary of State considers it necessary to do so, the F44Secretary of State may act accordingly.

4

A person who applies to the F45Secretary of State under this section shall, so far as that person reasonably can, comply with such regulations as may be made by the Secretary of State with a view to the F45Secretary of StateF8... being provided with the information which is required to enable—

a

the F14non-resident parent to be F18identified or traced (where that is necessary);

b

the amount of child support maintenance payable by the F14non-resident parent to be assessed; and

c

that amount to be recovered from the F14non-resident parent.

5

Any person who has applied to the F46Secretary of State under this section may at any time request F46the Secretary of State to cease acting under this section.

C36

It shall be the duty of the F47Secretary of State to comply with any request made under subsection (5) (but subject to any regulations made under subsection (8)).

7

The obligation to provide information which is imposed by subsection (4)—

a

shall not apply in such circumstances as may be prescribed; and

b

may, in such circumstances as may be prescribed, be waived by the F48Secretary of State.

8

The Secretary of State may by regulations make such incidental, supplemental or transitional provision as he thinks appropriate with respect to cases in which he is requested to cease to act under this section.

F349

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C15F110

No application may be made at any time under this section with respect to a qualifying child or any qualifying children if—

a

there is in force a written maintenance agreement made before 5th April 1993, or a maintenance order F13made before a prescribed date, in respect of that child or those children and the person who is, at that time, the F14non-resident parent; or

F17aa

a maintenance order made on or after the date prescribed for the purposes of paragraph (a) is in force in respect of them, but has been so for less than the period of one year beginning with the date on which it was made; or

F29ab

a maintenance agreement—

i

made on or after the date prescribed for the purposes of paragraph (a); and

ii

registered for execution in the Books of Council and Session or the sheriff court books,

is in force in respect of them, but has been so for less than the period of one year beginning with the date on which it was made;F32...

F32b

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F3511

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I35 Child support maintenance: supplemental provisions.

1

Where—

a

there is more than one person with care of a qualifying child; and

b

one or more, but not all, of them have parental responsibility for F6... the child;

no application may be made for a F23maintenance calculation with respect to the child by any of those persons who do not have parental responsibility for F6... the child.

2

Where more than one application for a F23maintenance calculation is made with respect to the child concerned, only one of them may be proceeded with.

3

The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision as to which of two or more applications for a F23maintenance calculation with respect to the same child is to be proceeded with.

F336 Applications by those claiming or receiving benefit.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I47 Right of child in Scotland to apply for F24calculation.

1

A qualifying child who has attained the age of 12 years and who is habitually resident in Scotland may apply to the F49Secretary of State for a F23maintenance calculation to be made with respect to him if—

a

no such application has been made by a person who is, with respect to that child, a person with care or F14a non-resident parent; F38...

F38b

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

An application made under subsection (1) shall authorise the F49Secretary of State to make a F23maintenance calculation with respect to any other children of the F14non-resident parent who are qualifying children in the care of the same person as the child making the application.

3

Where a F23maintenance calculation has been made in response to an application under this section the F50Secretary of State may, if the F71person with care or the child concerned applies to F50the Secretary of State under this subsection, arrange for—

a

the collection of the child support maintenance payable in accordance with the F24calculation;

b

the enforcement of the obligation to pay child support maintenance in accordance with the F24calculation.

F723A

The F73Secretary of State may only make arrangements under subsection (3)(a) if—

a

the non-resident parent agrees to the arrangements, or

b

the F73Secretary of State is satisfied that without the arrangements child support maintenance is unlikely to be paid in accordance with the calculation.

4

Where an application under subsection (3) for the enforcement of the obligation mentioned in subsection (3)(b) authorises the F51Secretary of State to take steps to enforce that obligation whenever F51the Secretary of State considers it necessary to do so, the F51Secretary of State may act accordingly.

5

Where a child has asked the F52Secretary of State to proceed under this section, the person with care of the child, the F14non-resident parent and the child concerned shall, so far as they reasonably can, comply with such regulations as may be made by the Secretary of State with a view to the F52Secretary of StateF9... being provided with the information which is required to enable—

a

the F14non-resident parent to be traced (where that is necessary);

b

the amount of child support maintenance payable by the F14non-resident parent to be assessed; and

c

that amount to be recovered from the F14non-resident parent.

6

The child who has made the application (but not the person having care of him) may at any time request the F53Secretary of State to cease acting under this section.

7

It shall be the duty of the F53Secretary of State to comply with any request made under subsection (6) (but subject to any regulations made under subsection (9)).

8

The obligation to provide information which is imposed by subsection (5)—

a

shall not apply in such circumstances as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State; and

b

may, in such circumstances as may be so prescribed, be waived by the F54Secretary of State.

9

The Secretary of State may by regulations make such incidental, supplemental or transitional provision as he thinks appropriate with respect to cases in which he is requested to cease to act under this section.

C16F210

No application may be made at any time under this section by a qualifying child if

F15a

there is in force a written maintenance agreement made before 5th April 1993, or a maintenance order F16made before a prescribed date, in respect of that child and the person who is, at that time, the F14non-resident parentF19or

b

a maintenance order made on or after the date prescribed for the purposes of paragraph (a) is in force in respect of them, but has been so for less than the period of one year beginning with the date on which it was madeF30; or

c

a maintenance agreement—

i

made on or after the date prescribed for the purposes of paragraph (a); and

ii

registered for execution in the Books of Council and Session or the sheriff court books,

is in force in respect of them, but has been so for less than the period of one year beginning with the date on which it was made.

I5C4C5C178 Role of the courts with respect to maintenance for children.

1

This subsection applies in any case where F10the F55Secretary of State would have jurisdiction to make a F23maintenance calculation with respect to a qualifying child and F14a non-resident parent of his on an application duly made F36... by a person entitled to apply for such F24a calculation with respect to that child.

2

Subsection (1) applies even though the circumstances of the case are such that F10the F55Secretary of State would not make F24a calculation if it were applied for.

C6C7C133

F20Except as provided in subsection (3A), in any case where subsection (1) applies, no court shall exercise any power which it would otherwise have to make, vary or revive any maintenance order in relation to the child and F14non-resident parent concerned.

F213A

Unless a maintenance calculation has been made with respect to the child concerned, subsection (3) does not prevent a court from varying a maintenance order in relation to that child and the non-resident parent concerned—

a

if the maintenance order was made on or after the date prescribed for the purposes of section 4(10)(a) or 7(10)(a); or

b

where the order was made before then, in any case in which section 4(10) or 7(10) prevents the making of an application for a maintenance calculation with respect to or by that child.

4

Subsection (3) does not prevent a court from revoking a maintenance order.

5

The Lord Chancellor or in relation to Scotland the Lord Advocate may by order provide that, in such circumstances as may be specified by the order, this section shall not prevent a court from exercising any power which it has to make a maintenance order in relation to a child if—

a

a written agreement (whether or not enforceable) provides for the making, or securing, by F14a non-resident parent of the child of periodical payments to or for the benefit of the child; and

b

the maintenance order which the court makes is, in all material respects, in the same terms as that agreement.

F275A

The Lord Chancellor may make an order under subsection (5) only with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice.

6

This section shall not prevent a court from exercising any power which it has to make a maintenance order in relation to a child if—

a

a F23maintenance calculation is in force with respect to the child;

F22b

the non-resident parent’s F60gross weekly income exceeds the figure referred to in paragraph 10(3) of Schedule 1 (as it has effect from time to time pursuant to regulations made under paragraph 10A(1)(b)); and

c

the court is satisfied that the circumstances of the case make it appropriate for the F14non-resident parent to make or secure the making of periodical payments under a maintenance order in addition to the child support maintenance payable by him in accordance with the F23maintenance calculation.

7

This section shall not prevent a court from exercising any power which it has to make a maintenance order in relation to a child if—

a

the child is, will be or (if the order were to be made) would be receiving instruction at an educational establishment or undergoing training for a trade, profession or vocation (whether or not while in gainful employment); and

b

the order is made solely for the purposes of requiring the person making or securing the making of periodical payments fixed by the order to meet some or all of the expenses incurred in connection with the provision of the instruction or training.

8

This section shall not prevent a court from exercising any power which it has to make a maintenance order in relation to a child if—

a

F59an allowance under Part 4 of the Welfare Reform Act 2012 (personal independence payment) or a disability living allowance is paid to or in respect of him; or

b

no such allowance is paid but he is disabled,

and the order is made solely for the purpose of requiring the person making or securing the making of periodical payments fixed by the order to meet some or all of any expenses attributable to the child’s disability.

9

For the purposes of subsection (8), a child is disabled if he is blind, deaf or dumb or is substantially and permanently handicapped by illness, injury, mental disorder or congenital deformity or such other disability as may be prescribed.

10

This section shall not prevent a court from exercising any power which it has to make a maintenance order in relation to a child if the order is made against a person with care of the child.

11

In this Act “maintenance order”, in relation to any child, means an order which requires the making or securing of periodical payments to or for the benefit of the child and which is made under—

a

Part II of the M1Matrimonial Causes Act 1973;

b

the M2Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates’ Courts Act 1978;

c

Part III of the M3Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984;

d

the M4Family Law (Scotland) Act 1985;

e

Schedule 1 to the M5Children Act 1989; F26...

F25ea

Schedule 5, 6 or 7 to the Civil Partnership Act 2004; or

f

any other prescribed enactment,

and includes any order varying or reviving such an order.

F2812

The Lord Chief Justice may nominate a judicial office holder (as defined in section 109(4) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005) to exercise his functions under this section.

C89 Agreements about maintenance.

1

In this section “maintenance agreement” means any agreement for the making, or for securing the making, of periodical payments by way of maintenance, or in Scotland aliment, to or for the benefit of any child.

2

Nothing in this Act shall be taken to prevent any person from entering into a maintenance agreement.

F612A

The F62Secretary of State may, with a view to reducing the need for applications under sections 4 and 7—

a

take such steps as F63the Secretary of State considers appropriate to encourage the making and keeping of maintenance agreements, and

b

in particular, before accepting an application under those sections, invite the applicant to consider with the F64Secretary of State whether it is possible to make such an agreement.

C93

F3Subject to section 4(10)(a) F31and (ab) and section 7(10), the existence of a maintenance agreement shall not prevent any party to the agreement, or any other person, from applying for a F23maintenance calculation with respect to any child to or for whose benefit periodical payments are to be made or secured under the agreement.

4

Where any agreement contains a provision which purports to restrict the right of any person to apply for a F23maintenance calculation, that provision shall be void.

C105

Where section 8 would prevent any court from making a maintenance order in relation to a child and F14a non-resident parent of his, no court shall exercise any power that it has to vary any agreement so as—

a

to insert a provision requiring that F14non-resident parent to make or secure the making of periodical payments by way of maintenance, or in Scotland aliment, to or for the benefit of that child; or

C11C14b

to increase the amount payable under such a provision.

F46

In any case in which section 4(10) or 7(10) prevents the making of an application for a F23maintenance calculation, F37... subsection (5) shall have effect with the omission of paragraph (b).

C1210 Relationship between maintenance F24calculations and certain court orders and related matters.

1

Where an order of a kind prescribed for the purposes of this subsection is in force with respect to any qualifying child with respect to whom a F23maintenance calculation is made, the order—

a

shall, so far as it relates to the making or securing of periodical payments, cease to have effect to such extent as may be determined in accordance with regulations made by the Secretary of State; or

b

where the regulations so provide, shall, so far as it so relates, have effect subject to such modifications as may be so determined.

2

Where an agreement of a kind prescribed for the purposes of this subsection is in force with respect to any qualifying child with respect to whom a F23maintenance calculation is made, the agreement—

a

shall, so far as it relates to the making or securing of periodical payments, be unenforceable to such extent as may be determined in accordance with regulations made by the Secretary of State; or

b

where the regulations so provide, shall, so far as it so relates, have effect subject to such modifications as may be so determined.

3

Any regulations under this section may, in particular, make such provision with respect to—

a

any case where any person with respect to whom an order or agreement of a kind prescribed for the purposes of subsection (1) or (2) has effect applies to the prescribed court, before the end of the prescribed period, for the order or agreement to be varied in the light of the F23maintenance calculation and of the provisions of this Act;

b

the recovery of any arrears under the order or agreement which fell due before the coming into force of the F23maintenance calculation,

as the Secretary of State considers appropriate and may provide that, in prescribed circumstances, an application to any court which is made with respect to an order of a prescribed kind relating to the making or securing of periodical payments to or for the benefit of a child shall be treated by the court as an application for the order to be revoked.

4

The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision for—

a

notification to be given by F11the F56Secretary of State to the prescribed person in any case where F56the Secretary of State considers that the making of a F23maintenance calculation has affected, or is likely to affect, any order of a kind prescribed for the purposes of this subsection;

b

notification to be given by the prescribed person to the F57Secretary of State in any case where a court makes an order which it considers has affected, or is likely to affect, a F23maintenance calculation.

5

Rules F66of court may require any person who, in prescribed circumstances, makes an application to F67the family court for a maintenance order to furnish the court with a statement in a prescribed form, and signed by F12an officer of the F58Secretary of State, as to whether or not, at the time when the statement is made, there is a F23maintenance calculation in force with respect to that person or the child concerned.

In this subsection—

  • maintenance order” means an order of a prescribed kind for the making or securing of periodical payments to or for the benefit of a child; and

  • prescribed” means prescribed by the rules.