Taxation (International and Other Provisions) Act 2010

[F1 Related parties U.K.

Textual Amendments

F1 Pt. 10: the existing Pt. 10 renumbered as Pt. 11 (except for ss. 375, 376 which are repealed), the existing ss. 372-374, 377-382 renumbered as ss. 499-507 and a new Pt. 10 (ss. 372-498) inserted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 5 para. 25(1)-(3) of the amending Act) by Finance (No. 2) Act 2017 (c. 32), Sch. 5 para. 1, 10(1)(2)(a)(3) (with Sch. 5 paras. 27, 32-34)

462 Expressions relating to “related parties”: introduction U.K.

(1) Section 463 sets out the circumstances in which a person is a related party of another person for the purposes of this Part.

(2) That section—

(a) applies generally in relation to any amount, and

(b) is supplemented by sections 464 and 465 (which contain provisions that have effect for the purposes of that section).

(3) Sections 466 and 467 make provision for treating persons as if they were related parties of each other but only in relation to certain matters.

(4) Sections 468 to 472—

(a) make provision for treating persons as if they were not related parties of each other but only in relation to certain matters, and

(b) take priority over sections 466 and 467.

463 Whether a person is generally a “related party” of another U.K.

(1) For the purposes of this Part a person (“A”) is a “related party” of another person (“B”)—

(a) throughout any period for which A and B are consolidated for accounting purposes,

(b) on any day on which the participation condition is met in relation to them, or

(c) on any day on which the 25% investment condition is met in relation to them.

(2) A and B are consolidated for accounting purposes for a period if—

(a) their financial results for a period are required to be comprised in group accounts,

(b) their financial results for the period would be required to be comprised in group accounts but for the application of an exemption, or

(c) their financial results for a period are in fact comprised in group accounts.

(3) In subsection (2) “group accounts” means accounts prepared under—

(a) section 399 of the Companies Act 2006, or

(b) any corresponding provision of the law of a territory outside the United Kingdom.

(4) The participation condition is met in relation to A and B (“the relevant parties”) on a day if, within the period of 6 months beginning or ending with that day—

(a) one of the relevant parties directly or indirectly participates in the management, control or capital of the other, or

(b) the same person or persons directly or indirectly participate in the management, control or capital of each of the relevant parties.

(5) For the interpretation of subsection (4), see sections 157(1), 158(4), 159(1) and 160(1) (which have the effect that references in that subsection to direct or indirect participation are to be read in accordance with provisions of Chapter 2 of Part 4).

(6) If one of the relevant parties is a securitisation company within the meaning of Chapter 4 of Part 13 of CTA 2010, the relevant parties are not to be regarded as related parties of each other as a result of subsection (4) merely by reference to the fact that—

(a) the securitisation company is held by a trustee of a settlement, and

(b) the other relevant party is a settlor in relation to that settlement.

(7) The 25% investment condition is met in relation to A and B if—

(a) one of them has a 25% investment in the other, or

(b) a third person has a 25% investment in each of them.

(8) Sections 464 and 465 apply for the purpose of determining whether a person has a “25% investment” in another person.

464 Meaning of “25% investment” U.K.

(1) A person (“P”) has a 25% investment in another person (“C”) if—

(a) P possesses or is entitled to acquire 25% or more of the voting power in C,

(b) in the event of a disposal of the whole of the equity in C, P would receive 25% or more of the proceeds,

(c) in the event that the income in respect of the equity in C were distributed among the equity holders in C, P would receive 25% or more of the amount so distributed, or

(d) in the event of a winding-up of C or in any other circumstances, P would receive 25% or more of C's assets which would then be available for distribution among the equity holders in C in respect of the equity in C.

(2) In this section references to the equity in C are to—

(a) the shares in C other than restricted preference shares, or

(b) loans to C other than normal commercial loans.

(3) For this purpose “shares in C” includes—

(a) stock, and

(b) any other interests of members in C.

(4) For the purposes of this section a person is an equity holder in C if the person possesses any of the equity in C.

(5) For the purposes of this section—

• “normal commercial loan” means a loan which is a normal commercial loan for the purposes of section 158(1)(b) or 159(4)(b) of CTA 2010, and

• “restricted preference shares” means shares which are restricted preference shares for the purposes of section 160 of CTA 2010.

(6) In applying for the purposes of this section the definitions of “normal commercial loan” and “restricted preference shares” in a case where—

(a) C is not a company, or

(b) C is a company which does not have share capital,

sections 160(2) to (7) and 161 to 164 of CTA 2010 (and any other relevant provisions of that Act) have effect with the necessary modifications.

(7) In this section references to a person receiving any proceeds, amount or assets include—

(a) the direct or indirect receipt of the proceeds, amount or assets, and

(b) the direct or indirect application of the proceeds, amount or assets for the person's benefit,

and it does not matter whether the receipt or application is at the time of the disposal, distribution, winding-up or other circumstances or at a later time.

(8) If—

(a) there is a direct receipt or direct application of any proceeds, amount or assets by or for the benefit of a person (“A”), and

(b) another person (“B”) directly or indirectly owns a percentage of the equity in A,

there is, for the purposes of subsection (7), an indirect receipt or indirect application of that percentage of the proceeds, amount or assets by or for the benefit of B.

(9) For this purpose the percentage of the equity in A directly or indirectly owned by B is to be determined by applying the rules in sections 1155 to 1157 of CTA 2010 with such modifications (if any) as may be necessary.

(10) Subsection (7) is not to result in a person being regarded as having a 25% investment in another person merely as a result of their being parties to a normal commercial loan.

(11) Any reference in this section, in the case of a person who is a member of a partnership, to the proceeds, amount or assets of the person includes the person's share of the proceeds, amount or assets of the partnership (apportioning those things between the partners on a just and reasonable basis).

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 S. 464(2)-(11) applied by 2005 c. 5, s. 608U(3)(4) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 3 para. 7 of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2019 (c. 1), Sch. 3 para. 4)

465 Attribution of rights and interests U.K.

(1) In determining for the purposes of section 464 the investment that a person (“P”) has in another person, P is to be taken to have all of the rights and interests of—

(a) any person connected with P,

(b) any person who is a member of a partnership, or is connected with a person who is member of a partnership, of which P is a member, or

(c) any person who is a member of a partnership, or is connected with a person who is a member of a partnership, of which a person connected with P is a member.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)—

(a) section 1122 of CTA 2010 (“connected” persons) applies but as if subsections (7) and (8) of that section were omitted, but

(b) a person is not to be regarded as connected with another person merely as a result of their being parties to a loan that is a normal commercial loan for the purposes of section 464.

(3) In determining for the purposes of section 464 the investment that a person (“P”) has in another person (“U”), P is to be taken to have all of the rights and interests of a third person (“T”) with whom P acts together in relation to U.

(4) For this purpose P “acts together” with T in relation to U if (and only if)—

(a) for the purpose of influencing the conduct of U's affairs—

(i) P is able to secure that T acts in accordance with P's wishes (or vice versa), or

(ii) T can reasonably be expected to act, or typically acts, in accordance with P's wishes (or vice versa),

(b) P and T are party to an arrangement that it is reasonable to conclude is designed to affect the value of any equity in U possessed by T, or

(c) the same person manages some or all of any equity in U possessed by P and T.

In paragraphs (b) and (c) references to equity in U are to be read in accordance with section 464.

(5) But P does not “act together” with T in relation to U under subsection (4)(c) if—

(a) the managing person does so as the operator of different collective investment schemes, and

(b) the management of the schemes is not coordinated for the purpose of influencing the conduct of U's affairs.

(6) For this purpose “collective investment scheme” and “operator” have the same meaning as in Part 17 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (see sections 235 and 237).

(7) In determining for the purposes of section 464 the investment that a person (“P”) has in another person (“U”), P is to be taken to have all of the rights and interests of one or more third persons with whom P has entered into a qualifying arrangement in relation to U.

(8) For this purpose P has entered into a qualifying arrangement with one or more third persons in relation to U if they are parties to an arrangement concerning U as a result of which, by reference to shares held, or to be held, by any one or more of them in U, they can reasonably be expected to act together—

(a) so as to exert greater influence in relation to U than any one of them would be able to exert if acting alone, or

(b) otherwise so as to be able to achieve an outcome in relation to U that, if attempted by any one of them acting alone, would be significantly more difficult to achieve.

(9) For this purpose the reference to shares in U includes shares in U that may be held as a result of the exercise of any right or power and includes rights or interests in U that are of a similar character to shares.

(10) In this section “arrangement” includes any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions (whether or not legally enforceable).

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C2 S. 465 applied by 2005 c. 5, s. 608U(3)(4) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 3 para. 7 of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2019 (c. 1), Sch. 3 para. 4)

466 Certain loan relationships etc to be treated as made between related parties U.K.

(1) This section—

(a) makes provision for treating a person (“D”) who is not a related party of another person (“C”) as if they were related parties of each other but only in respect of particular liabilities or transactions, and

(b) is expressed to apply in relation to loan relationships but also applies (with any necessary modifications) in relation to any other financial liability owed to, or any transaction with, C.

(2) If at any time—

(a) D is party to a loan relationship as debtor and C is party to the relationship as creditor, and

(b) another person (“G”) who is a related party of D provides a guarantee, indemnity or other financial assistance in respect of the liability of D that represents the loan relationship,

D and C are treated for the purposes of this Part as if, in relation to the loan relationship concerned (and anything done under or for the purposes of it), they were related parties of each other at that time.

(3) Subsection (2) is subject to—

(a) section 415 (qualifying net group-interest expense), and

(b) section 438(3) (infrastructure: interest payable to third parties etc).

(4) If at any time—

(a) D is party to a loan relationship as debtor and C is party to the relationship as creditor, and

(b) another person (“G”) who is a related party of D indirectly stands in the position of a creditor as respects the debt in question by reference to a series of loan relationships or other arrangements,

D and C are treated for the purposes of this Part as if, in relation to the loan relationship concerned (and anything done under or for the purposes of it), they were related parties of each other at that time.

(5) For the purposes of this section “arrangements” include any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions (whether or not legally enforceable).

467 Holdings of debt and equity in same proportions U.K.

(1) This section applies at any time where—

(a) persons have lent money to another person (“U”),

(b) the lenders also have shares or voting power in U,

(c) the amounts each of the lenders has lent stand in the same, or substantially the same, proportion as the shares or voting power in U that each of them has, and

(d) for the purposes of section 464 the lenders (taken together) have a 25% investment in U.

(2) The lenders are treated for the purposes of this Part as if, in relation to the loans (and anything done under or for the purposes of them), they were related parties of U at that time (so far as that would not otherwise be the case).

(3) If—

(a) some or all of the rights under the loan are transferred, and

(b) the transferred rights are held by, or for the benefit of, another person (“the transferee”) at any time,

the transferee is treated for the purposes of this Part as if, in relation to the loan (and anything done under or for the purposes of it), the transferee were a related party of U at that time (so far as that would not otherwise be the case).

(4) This applies whether or not the transferee has any shares or voting power in U.

(5) For the purposes of this section references to shares in U include shares in U that may be held as a result of the exercise of any right or power and include rights or interests in U that are of a similar character to shares.

(6) This section applies (with any necessary modifications) in relation to any other financial liability owed to, or any transaction with, U as it applies to loans made to U.

468 Debts with same rights where unrelated parties hold more than 50% U.K.

(1) This section applies if—

(a) a person (“D”) is party to a loan relationship as debtor in a period of account of a worldwide group of which it is a member,

(b) a person (“C”) who is party to the loan relationship as creditor is a related party of D at any time in that period,

(c) there are persons (“the relevant creditors”) other than C who are parties to the loan relationship, or are parties to other loan relationships entered into at the same time, as creditors but who are not related parties of D at any time in that period,

(d) at all times in that period the rights of the relevant creditors are rights in relation to at least 50% of the total amount of the money debt or debts in question, and

(e) at all times in that period C and the relevant creditors have the same rights in relation to the money debt or debts in question.

(2) D and C are treated for the purposes of this Part as if, in relation to the loan relationship concerned (and anything done under or for the purposes of it), they were not related parties of each other at any time in that period.

(3) Persons are not to be regarded as having the same rights in relation to a money debt or debts at any time if—

(a) the terms or conditions on which any of the money is lent and which are in force at that time make different provision in relation to different persons or have, or are capable of having, a different effect in relation to different persons (whether at that or any subsequent time),

(b) arrangements are in place at that time the effect of which is that, at that or any subsequent time, the rights of some persons in relation to any of the debts differ, or will or may differ, from the rights of others in relation to any of the debts, or

(c) any other circumstances exist at that time as a result of which the rights of some persons in relation to any of the debts cannot reasonably be regarded as being, in substance, the same rights as others in relation any of the debts at that or any subsequent time.

(4) For the purposes of this section—

• “arrangements” include any agreement, understanding, scheme, transaction or series of transactions (whether or not legally enforceable),

• “different persons” includes persons of a different class or description, and

• “rights” includes powers.

469 Debt restructuring U.K.

(1) This section—

(a) makes provision for treating a person (“D”) who is a related party of another person (“C”) as if they were not related parties of each other but only in respect of particular liabilities or transactions, and

(b) is expressed to apply in relation to loan relationships but also applies (with any necessary modifications) in relation to any other financial liability owed to, or any transaction with, C.

(2) If—

(a) D is party to a loan relationship as debtor and C is party to the loan relationship as creditor,

(b) D subsequently becomes a related party of C in consequence of a relevant release of debt, and

(c) before D became a related party of C in consequence of the release none of the parties to the loan relationship had been related parties of each other,

D and C are treated for the purposes of this Part as if, in relation to the loan relationship (and anything done under or for the purposes of it), they were not related parties of each other at times on or after the release.

(3) There is a “relevant release of debt” at any time for the purposes of this section if—

(a) a liability to pay an amount under a person's debtor relationship is released under the arrangements,

(b) that person is D or a person who is a related party of D at that time, and

(c) immediately before the release, it is reasonable to conclude that, without the release and any arrangements of which the release forms part, there would be a material risk that, at some time within the next 12 months, D or the related party would be unable to pay its debts.

(4) For the purposes of this section “debtor relationship” has the meaning given by section 302(6) of CTA 2009 (reading the references in that subsection to a company as references to a person).

470 Ordinary independent financing arrangements by banks and others U.K.

(1) This section applies where—

(a) at any time, a person (“C”) is party to a loan relationship as creditor and the party to the loan relationship as debtor (“D”) is a related party of C as a result of any circumstances, and

(b) the loan relationship is not one to which C is a party at that time directly or indirectly in consequence of, or otherwise in connection with, the existence of any of those circumstances.

(2) C and D are treated for the purposes of this Part as if, in relation to the loan relationship (and anything done under or for the purposes of it), they were not related parties of each other at that time.

471 Loans made by relevant public bodies U.K.

(1) This section applies at any time where—

(a) a relevant public body (“B”) lends money to a person (“P”),

(b) B is a related party of P, and

(c) the realising of a profit is merely incidental to the making of the loan.

(2) B and P are treated for the purposes of this Part as if, in relation to the loan (and anything done under or for the purposes of it), they were not related parties of each other at that time.

472 Finance leases granted before 20 March 2017 U.K.

(1) This section applies at any time where an asset is leased by a person (“A”) to another (“B”) under a lease which is granted before 20 March 2017 and which, in the case of B, is a finance lease.

(2) A and B are treated for the purposes of this Part as if, in relation to the lease (and anything done under or for the purposes of it), they were not related parties of each other at that time.]